In this paper, we first present a new type of the concept of open sets by expressing some properties of arbitrary mappings on a power set. With the generalization of the closure spaces in categorical topology, we introduce the generalized topological spaces and the concept of generalized continuity and become familiar with weak and strong structures for generalized topological spaces. Then, introducing the concept of the generalized embedding and the generalized injection, we study CSÁSZÁR PRODUCT of generalized spaces in the category of generalized topological spaces. Using by the tools of category theory, we describe the results of classifying on the generalized injective spaces in which these spaces are characterized as generalized embedding of CSÁSZÁR PRODUCT with the PRODUCT topology of two points Sierpinski space. Finally, the generalized dual-injection spaces as the objects of a special subcategory of the generalized topological spaces are studied for which all singlepoint subsets are closed.

Background and Aim: What constitutes adequate dialysis has been debated in the nephrology literature over the past years. We believed that short and infrequent dialysis session contributed to poor outcome. This result provides additional evidence that (KT/V) in a flawed concept upon which to based the dose dialysis in general. Base on published evidence from many source we proposed a new index of adequacy of hemodialysis to be called hemodialysis PRODUCT (HDP).Materials and Methods: The prospective study was performed on 100 dialysis patient in the Imam hospital dialysis ward in Tehran during 2002. delivered (KT/V) and (HDP) achieved for any patient separated.Results: 100 patients including 44 female and 56 male were studied. Result has shown (KT/V) d≥l in 43% and (KT/V) d<1 in 57%. HDP in patient with (KT/V) d> 1 were ≥36. HDP in patient with (KT/V) d < 1 were < 36. Correlation between (KT/V) d and albumin was significant (p< 0.03, Albumin ≥4mg/dl). Correlation between (KT/V) d and cholesterol, hemoglobin, creatinine were not significant. Correlation between (KT/V) d and HDP was significant (p< 0.001).Conclusion: Finding above has shown that higher weekly delivered (KTN) correlate with dialysis result increase hemodialysis PRODUCT (HDP). More frequent and session dialysis results increase in HDP, provide better weekly (KT/V) d with normal albumin (show good caloric and protein intake).

Amount of fumonisin B1 in 46 corn samples which were collected preharvest, at harvest and post harvest stages (after drying, befor and after silage) from Golestan province in northern Iran was evaluated. The samples were milled using analytical Romer mill. Fumonisin B1 was extracted with methanol-water (80:20 v/v) solvent, purified by immunoaffmity columns (IACs) and converted to fluorescent derivatives by OPA (Ortho-phetaldehyde).The mycotoxin was quantified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector (Em=335 nm, Exi=440 nm). Standard curve was drawn between 0.3125-40 mg/ml using 6 fumonisin working standards. Validation of the method was estimated by Certified Reference Material (CRM). The percentage mean of recovery obtained using this method was 90.7 %. All samples were contaminated with fumonisin B1, the range of contamination varied from 261 to 6891 ng/g and the mean of contamination was 2658.35 ng/g. There was in significant difference on the contamination of samples at different sampling stages.

Background: The current study is to evaluate cardiovascular effects of anesthetic medications and volatile anesthetics on cardiac stress using cardiac stress index (CSI) and rate pressure PRODUCT (RPP) and to determine which of them in useful in evaluating cardiac stress after comparing results obtained from each method.Materials and methods: 40 patients, 60-80 years old, who were all performed trans abdominal prostatectomy were studied. Patients were divided into two groups, half of patients were placed in group A and the other half in group B. The study was carried out as a blinded study. CSI was measured and evaluated in group A and RPP changes were studied in group B.Results: The mean CSI were 60.25±5.57, 63.05±5.54, 55.75±4.78 and 67.65±4.88 before anesthesia induction, after induction, before surgical incision and in recovery respectively. There was no meaningful difference.RPP mean in four above mentioned stages was 10.15±0.44, 9.9±0.69, 6.8±0.36 and 9.2±0.61 respectively. There was a meaningful difference between RPP in stages before anesthesia induction and before surgical incision (P<0.0001).Conclusion: Considering the obtained results from this study, it can be seen that even in noncardiac surgery, the stress level is high in patients in the stage before surgery. This figure was not clear in RPP index case and was not in accordance with CSI, which means CSI has been able to illustrate existing stress level better and efficiently.

The present study analyzes the theoretical framework and empirical evidence related to PRODUCT liability laws and examines the different dimensions of these laws from different angles. The research analyzes the financial burden caused by compliance with PRODUCT liability laws on businesses and analyzes the costs related to complying with these laws, including direct costs such as legal fees and fines and indirect costs such as the costs of improving the quality and safety of PRODUCTs. Also, the positive external effects of these laws on consumer behavior, PRODUCT safety and economic growth are examined. The study includes a cost-benefit analysis conducted to quantify the economic impact of PRODUCT liability laws in Iraq. This analysis attempts to clarify how PRODUCT liability laws can affect the business environment and what benefits they bring to consumers and the nation's economy. Based on the results of this analysis, the paper provides recommendations for businesses, policymakers, and consumers. For businesses, recommendations include strategies to improve compliance and reduce associated costs. For the policy makers, suggestions are made about improving the legal framework and increasing the monitoring of the implementation of the laws. For consumers, suggestions are provided to increase awareness of their rights and how to pursue complaints in case of PRODUCT damage or defect. The purpose of this article is to promote a deeper understanding of the effects of PRODUCT liability laws and to improve the business environment and the quality of life of consumers in

A critical aspect of supply chain management is the selection of an appropriate type of supply chain to achieve optimal performance. This paper classifies manufacturing supply chains into three types; namely, lean, agile, and hybrid. The characteristics of these supply chains are presented. It is proposed that the selection of an appropriate type of supply chain should be driven by the characteristic of PRODUCT that an organization is manufacturing. This paper discusses supply chain type that is necessary for success across three types of PRODUCTs: standard (functional), innovative, and hybrid. It develops a framework for categorizing the supply chain types based on PRODUCT characteristics and stage of the PRODUCT life cycle. The key success factor for a PRODUCT change as the PRODUCT moves through its life cycle, and this may require different supply chain characteristics and capabilities. A model is then developed and implemented to assist organizations in supply chain selection.